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Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase

Converts sphingomyelin to ceramide. Exists as two enzymatic forms that arise from alternative trafficking of a single protein precursor, one that is targeted to the endolysosomal compartment, whereas the other is released extracellularly. However, in response to various forms of stress, lysosomal exocytosis may represent a major source of the secretory form. In the lysosomes, converts sphingomyelin to ceramide. Plays an important role in the export of cholesterol from the intraendolysosomal membranes. Also has phospholipase C activities toward 1,2-diacylglycerolphosphocholine and 1,2-diacylglycerolphosphoglycerol. Modulates stress-induced apoptosis through the production of ceramide. This form is generated following cleavage by CASP7 in the extracellular milieu in response to bacterial infection. It shows increased ability to convert sphingomyelin to ceramide and promotes plasma membrane repair. Plasma membrane repair by ceramide counteracts the action of gasdermin-D (GSDMD) perforin (PRF1) pores that are formed in response to bacterial infection. When secreted, modulates cell signaling with its ability to reorganize the plasma membrane by converting sphingomyelin to ceramide. Secreted form is increased in response to stress and inflammatory mediators such as IL1B, IFNG or TNF as well as upon infection with bacteria and viruses. Produces the release of ceramide in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane playing a central role in host defense. Ceramide reorganizes these rafts into larger signaling platforms that are required to internalize P.aeruginosa, induce apoptosis and regulate the cytokine response in infected cells. In wounded cells, the lysosomal form is released extracellularly in the presence of Ca(2+) and promotes endocytosis and plasma membrane repair.

AlphaFold DB , UniProt , Accession A0A096MN10, Species PAPAN (Papio anubis, Olive baboon), Gene SMPD1, Length 627 aa.